What countries require vaccinations?

What countries require vaccinations?

Countries with required meningococcal vaccination for travellers include The Gambia, Indonesia, Lebanon, Libya, the Philippines, and most importantly and extensively Saudi Arabia for Muslims visiting or working in Mecca and Medina during the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages.

How has the word vaccination originated Class 9?

The word “vaccine” was created by Edward Jenner. The word comes from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow. A virus that mainly affects cows (Cowpox) was used in the first scientific demonstration that giving a person one virus could protect against a related and more dangerous one.

What is a vaccine biology?

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.

What is vaccine explain?

A vaccine is a type of medicine that trains the body’s immune system so that it can fight a disease it has not come into contact with before. Vaccines are designed to prevent disease, rather than treat a disease once you have caught it.

What is the history of the tetanus vaccine?

Tetanus antiserum was developed in 1890, with its protective effects lasting a few weeks. The tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed in 1924, and came into common use for soldiers in World War II. Its use resulted in a 95% decrease in the rate of tetanus.

What is herd immunity GCSE biology?

Herd immunity is the protection given to a population against an outbreak of a specific disease when a very high percentage of the population have been vaccinated against it. It can therefore help prevent epidemics and pandemics .

Is tetanus a neurotoxin?

Tetanus toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It has no known function for clostridia in the soil environment where they are normally encountered. It is also called spasmogenic toxin, or TeNT.

Who discovered Clostridium tetani?

In 1889, C. tetani was isolated from a human victim by Kitasato Shibasaburō, who later showed that the organism could produce disease when injected into animals, and that the toxin could be neutralized by specific antibodies.

How did Arthur Nicolaier discover tetanus?

He then determined C. tetani to be the cause of tetanus by injecting test animals with garden soil known to contain the bacteria, which resulted in the characteristic fatal muscle spasms of tetanus. tetani left untreated or ineffectively treated result in the commonly fatal tetanus central nervous condition.

What does Clostridium tetani look like?

Bacteriology. Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, spore-forming, motile, anaerobic bacillus. Typically measuring 0.3 to 0.5 μm in width and 2 to 2.5 μm in length, the vegetative form often develops long filament-like cells in culture. Motility is produced by peritrichous flagellae coating the cell surface.

What is tetanus Wikipedia?

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms. In the most common type, the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the body. Each spasm usually lasts a few minutes. Spasms occur frequently for three to four weeks.

Does tetanus live on rust?

Rust doesn’t cause tetanus, but stepping on a nail might if you’re not immunized. In fact, any damage to the skin, even burns and blisters, allows tetanus-causing bacteria to enter the body. Tetanus is not as common as it once was.

What is tetanus muscle?

A tetanic contraction (also called tetanized state, tetanus, or physiologic tetanus, the latter to differentiate from the disease called tetanus) is a sustained muscle contraction evoked when the motor nerve that innervates a skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate.

What is rigor mortis in muscle contraction?

Rigor mortis: Literally, the stiffness of death. The rigidity of a body after death. The biochemical basis of rigor mortis is hydrolysis in muscle of ATP, the energy source required for movement. Without ATP, myosin molecules adhere to actin filaments and the muscles become rigid.

Is tetany and tetanus same?

Muscle cramps caused by the disease tetanus are not classified as tetany; rather, they are due to a lack of inhibition to the neurons that supply muscles. Tetanic contractions (physiologic tetanus) are a broad range of muscle contraction types, of which tetany is only one.

What is frequency summation?

In frequency summation, the force exerted by the skeletal muscle is controlled by varying the frequency at which action potentials are sent to muscle fibers. As more and larger motor units are activated, the force of muscle contraction becomes progressively stronger.

Why does summation occur?

Summation can be achieved by increasing the frequency of stimulation, or by recruiting additional muscle fibers within a muscle. occurs when the frequency of muscle contraction is such that the maximal force is tension is generated without any relaxation of the muscle.

Why is motor unit recruitment important?

The primary mechanism at lower levels of muscle contraction strength is the addition of more motor units, but the firing rate of the initially recruited motor units also increases. When nearly all motor units are recruited, increase in firing frequency becomes the predominating mechanism to increase motor strength.

What happens to the muscle contraction force when fatigue occurs?

As fatigue progresses, 1) the firing rate of motor neurons drops, which in turn drops the number of action potentials the muscles themselves then fire, leading to a reduction in strength, and 2) muscles can often also continue generating action potentials due to neural drive, but the muscle is unable to contract due to …

What is system fatigue?

Central nervous system fatigue, or central fatigue, is a form of fatigue that is associated with changes in the synaptic concentration of neurotransmitters within the central nervous system (CNS; including the brain and spinal cord) which affects exercise performance and muscle function and cannot be explained by …

How do muscles get tired?

ATP is the energy source muscle fibers use to make muscles contract. Some of the reactions in converting glycogen to ATP take place without oxygen, and when this happens a compound called pyruvate is produced. Some of this pyruvate can be converted into energy, but the excess becomes lactic acid.

What’s it called when your muscles get tired?

Muscle fatigue is the decline in ability of muscles to generate force. It can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction.