What cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis?

What cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis?

3. Cells in the mesophyll of the leaf have numerous chloroplasts. In leaves, cells in the mesophyll (the tissue between the upper and lower epidermis) are uniquely suited to carry out photosynthesis on a large scale. This is due to their high concentration of chloroplasts, which are the sites of photosynthesis.

How do the palisade and spongy mesophyll layers help a leaf perform photosynthesis?

Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll, which is conveniently located at the top of the leaf just under the epidermis. Spongy mesophyll cells are not packed so tightly together, which allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to reach the palisade cells where they are needed in photosynthesis.

What are two characteristics of leaves that can be used for identifying plants?

Margin: In addition to leaf shape the leaf margin is a useful characteristic. Leaves can be entire, serate, lobate, spiny, etc. Venation: The direction of the leaf veins is also useful in identifying specific plants. Common pattens include, arcuate dichotomous, palmate, parallel, reticulate and rotate.

What are two plant parts that can be sugar sources?

Sugar sources are plant organs such as leaves that produce sugars. Sugar sinks are plant organs such as roots, tubers (underground stems), and bulbs (swollen leaves) that consume or store sugars.

Is fruit a source or sink?

In fact, within a tree, fruits, which are strong sinks, compete for assimilates with each other, especially in case of high crop loads, as well as with vegetative organs, such as shoots, leaves, and roots (Pavel and DeJong, 1993; Ludewig and Flügge, 2013).

Why is starch not transported in SAP?

Starches are not very soluble in water, so dissolving and transporting them in water is not likely. Sugars like glucose and sucrose are soluble.

How is starch converted to glucose in plants?

Excess amounts of sugar move through the plant to provide energy for metabolic processes in other parts of the plant. The stored starch within the leaf converts back to sugar, which combines with oxygen to release carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Why is hydrochloric acid used in non reducing sugar test?

Disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their constituent monosaccharides when boiled in dilute hydrochloric acid. The monosaccharide products of hydrolysis are reducing sugars i.e. have the aldehyde functional group and can reduce copper in the presence of alkali producing the colour changes.

What test can be used to distinguish between a reducing sugar and a non reducing sugar?

Reducing sugars give a dark red color (brick color) when they react with Benedict solution. Non-reducing sugars do not give a red color, instead remains as green in color. Reducing sugars give a positive reaction towards the Fehling’s test. Non-reducing sugars give a negative reaction towards the Fehling’s test.

What is the difference between reducing and nonreducing sugars?

Any carbohydrate which is capable of being oxidized and causes the reduction of other substances without having to be hydrolysed first is known as reducing sugar, but those which are unable to be oxidised and do not reduce other substances are known as non-reducing sugars.

What is meant by non-reducing sugar?

A nonreducing sugar is a carbohydrate that is not oxidized by a weak oxidizing agent (an oxidizing agent that oxidizes aldehydes but not alcohols, such as the Tollen’s reagent) in basic aqueous solution.

What are the examples of reducing sugar?

Reducing Sugar (biology definition): A sugar that serves as a reducing agent due to its free aldehyde or ketone functional groups in its molecular structure. Examples are glucose, fructose, glyceraldehydes, lactose, arabinose and maltose, except for sucrose.

Which of the following is are non reducing sugar?

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because the monosaccharides’ anomeric carbon is involved in glycoside or acetal formation.

Which pair is Anomeric?

Anomers are cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in the configuration of C-1 if they are aldoses or in the configuration at C-2 if they are ketoses. The epimeric carbon in anomers are known as anomeric carbon or anomeric center.

Is amino acid a sugar?

In organic chemistry, an amino sugar (or more technically a 2-amino-2-deoxysugar) is a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group. More than 60 amino sugars are known, with one of the most abundant being N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine, which is the main component of chitin.

Is amino acid a carbohydrate?

Monomers are the building blocks of the four basic macromolecules of life- monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates, amino acids are the monomers of proteins, glycerol/fatty acids are the monomers of lipids, and nucleotides are the monomers of DNA.

What is an example of amino sugar?

Examples of hexosamines are glucosamine (based upon glucose), galactosamine (based upon galactose), fructosamine (based upon fructose), and mannosamine (based upon mannose). In particular, glucosamines are amino sugars that are naturally present in the shells of crustaceans, in the animal bones, and fungi.

Is Muramic acid an amino sugar?

Muramic acid is an amino sugar acid. In terms of chemical composition, it is the ether of lactic acid and glucosamine. It occurs naturally as N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, whose primary function is a structural component of many typical bacterial cell walls..

What branch of microorganisms contain Muramic acid in their cell walls?

Peptidoglycans are unique to prokaryotic organisms and consist of a glycan backbone of muramic acid and glucosamine (both N-acetylated), and peptide chains highly cross-linked with bridges in Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) or partially cross-linked in Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli …